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--- research:rural_areas [2016/12/18 11:51]
j.weber [Regional and wind energy characteristics of “Havelland-Fläming”]
+++ research:rural_areas [2017/03/10 00:08] (current)
r.rodriguescamargo
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== Rural areas ======
-(edited by JW 26th August)
-In the following abstracts the municipalities “Dahme/Mark” and “Niederer Fläming”, region Havelland-Fläming, and “Uebigau-Wahrenbrück”, region Lausitz-Spreewald, are illustrated in further detail. Moreover, references to the local wind energy development are included.
-===== Havelland-Fläming: Dahme/Mark and Niederer Fläming =====
-The change of the landscape by technogenic elements, like wind turbines and power lines, can lead to adverse perceptions towards the politically driven wind energy development (cf. Caporal & de Lucia 2015, Swofford & Slattery 2010 or Larsen et al. 2015). Already occupying the second place with regard to the total installed capacity in MW among the federal states of Germany in 2015 (DEWI 2015), it is becoming apparent that Brandenburg provides favorable installation conditions for implementing the turnaround in energy policy at federal state level. Due to the enforced development of renewable energy resources the crucial question arises: what happens to a region if the visual landscape changes (see Fig. 1)? :?: //Is that the only question? Sounds as if the visual impact is the only problem.//
-<imgcaption image1|Wind energy facilities close to housings in Dahme/Mark (Photo: R. Camargo)> {{ ::research:wea_vor_hausern.jpg?430 |}}</imgcaption>
-Being strongly marked by wind turbines in the Havelland-Fläming region in Brandenburg, the municipalities “Dahme/Mark” and also “Niederer Fläming” are notable study sites in order to analyze the social acceptance towards locally installed wind turbines.
-Starting with six single wind energy facilities in 1998, in the year 2016, the municipality Dahme/Mark now exceeds more than 81 wind facilities that provide a capacity of 128 MW (Amt Dahme/Mark 2016). And this is not all as the current “Regional Plan Havelland-Fläming 2020” puts once more strong emphasis on the energy transition and stipulates the development of wind energy among others in these municipalities (RP H-F 2015).
-Against this background, the student’s project was initiated as a result of an inquiry of the “Regionale Planungsgemeinschaft Havelland Fläming” (engl., “regional planning association”) to conduct a survey about the local residents’ acceptance towards the wind energy development in the two areas “Dahme/Mark” and “Niederer Fläming”. As early as 2005, a survey has been conducted in these two municipalities in order to analyse the residents’ attitude towards the local wind energy development. Consequently, this posed an incentive for a current survey with the aim to assess and analyse whether the social acceptance of wind turbines has changed over a 10-years period. While in 2005, findings made clear that positive as well as negative perspectives approximately outweighed the residents’ attitude towards wind energy facilities, however, in the wake of the increasing expansion of wind facilities in and around the municipalities, it was now to assume as one research hypothesis that the attitude has changed to the negative.
-Moreover, the second evident question for the student’s project arose, if there are differences in residents’ perception in comparison to other municipalities in the region Havelland-Fläming, which differ in historical and structural characteristics. For example, the municipality “Lausitz-Spreewald” was and still is strongly influenced by coal mining activities, while the city Potsdam might provide fewer contact points with local wind turbines in sub-urban areas. In both areas, residents, consequently, might tend to be more open towards the local wind energy development in Brandenburg whereas residents living in the rural areas close to the wind turbines might argue to converse, like in Dahme/Mark and Niederer Fläming. These research questions and hypotheses thus represented the framework of the student project’s survey.
-However, it turned out that the responding rate of the student’s survey in Lausitz-Spreewald with 21 returned questionnaires was rather low; therefore the received replies could only represent a general indicator of the resident’s perception in a region characterised by former coal mining activities in comparison to the municipalties Dahme/Mark and Niederer Fläming in the region Havelland-Fläming.
-=== Summary of the working hypotheses===
-The following working hypotheses of the student’s study in Havelland-Fläming can be summed up as follows:
-  * There is a change of perception towards wind energy facilities approximately to the negative in a 10-years period.
-  * People living in the former coal mining region of Lausitz-Spreewald might approve wind energy facilities more often than in Havelland-Fläming. However, it turned out that the responding rate of the student’s survey in Lausitz-Spreewald with 21 returned questionnaires was rather low; therefore the received replies could only represent a general indicator of the resident’s perception in a region characterised by former coal mining activities in comparison to the municipalties Dahme/Mark and Niederer Fläming in the region Havelland-Fläming. DELETEME //Double information.//
-  * People in urban areas presumably tend to be more open towards wind energy. FIXME //Needs explanation.//
-To further determine the influencing factors of the wind energy planning process on the resident’s attitude towards wind energy, the following secondary working hypotheses were formulated: FIXME //Please refer back to the findings of the Synopsis to explain these hypothesis!//
-  * The acceptance of wind energy is higher when people perceive that wind turbines do not destroy landscape.
-  * With greater distance to the wind farms & higher density of wind turbines, the acceptance of wind energy increases (distance & density factor),
-  * With rising level of information, wind energy has a higher acceptance (information, participation),
-  * The acceptance of wind energy increases with direct benefit from the renewable energy (economic factor).
-====== Rural areas ======
-(edited by JW 18.12.16)
 In the following abstracts the region Havelland-Fläming with the municipalities “Dahme/Mark” and “Niederer Fläming” and “Uebigau-Wahrenbrück”, in the region Lausitz-Spreewald, are illustrated in further detail. Here, the surveys about the acceptance of wind energy have taken place. Moreover, references to the local wind energy development are included.
@@ Line 45: / Line 5: @@
 ===== Havelland-Fläming: Dahme/Mark and Niederer Fläming =====
-The change of the landscape by technogenic elements, like wind turbines and power lines, can lead to adverse perceptions towards the politically driven wind energy development (cf. Caporal & de Lucia 2015, Swofford & Slattery 2010 or Larsen et al. 2015). Already occupying the second place with regard to the total installed capacity in MW among the federal states of Germany in 2015 (DEWI 2015), it is becoming apparent that Brandenburg provides favourable installation conditions for implementing the turnaround in energy policy at federal state level. Due to the enforced development of renewable energy resources the crucial questions arise: what happens to a region if the visual landscape changes, what consequences result from this and how do the inhabitants perceive those changes? (see Fig. 1)?
+The change of the landscape by technogenic elements, like wind turbines and power lines, can lead to adverse perceptions towards the politically driven wind energy development (cf. Caporal & de Lucia 2015, Swofford & Slattery 2010 or Larsen et al. 2015). Already occupying the second place with regard to the total installed capacity in MW among the federal states of Germany in 2015 (DEWI 2015), it is becoming apparent that Brandenburg provides favourable installation conditions for implementing the turnaround in energy policy at federal state level. Due to the enforced development of renewable energy resources the crucial questions arise: what happens to a region if the visual landscape changes, what consequences result from this and how do the inhabitants perceive those changes (see Fig. 1)?
 <imgcaption image1|Wind energy facilities close to housings in Dahme/Mark (Photo: R. Camargo)> {{ ::research:wea_vor_hausern.jpg?430 |}}</imgcaption>
@@ Line 55: / Line 15: @@
 Against this background, the student’s project was initiated as a result of an inquiry of the “Regionale Planungsgemeinschaft Havelland Fläming” (engl., “regional planning association”) to conduct a survey about the local residents’ acceptance towards the wind energy development in the two areas “Dahme/Mark” and “Niederer Fläming”. As early as 2005, a survey has been conducted in these two municipalities in order to analyse the residents’ attitude towards the local wind energy development. Consequently, this posed an incentive for a current survey with the aim to assess and analyse whether the social acceptance of wind turbines has changed over a 10-years period. While in 2005, findings made clear that positive as well as negative perspectives approximately outweighed the residents’ attitude towards wind energy facilities, however, in the wake of the increasing expansion of wind facilities in and around the municipalities, it was now to assume as one research hypothesis that the attitude has changed to the negative.
-Moreover, the second evident question for the student’s project arose, if there are differences in residents’ perception in comparison to other municipalities in the region Havelland-Fläming, which differ in historical and structural characteristics. For example, the municipality “Lausitz-Spreewald” was and still is strongly influenced by coal mining activities, while the city Potsdam might provide fewer contact points with local wind turbines in sub-urban areas. In both areas, residents, consequently, might tend to be more open towards the local wind energy development in Brandenburg whereas residents living in the rural areas close to the wind turbines might argue to converse, like in Dahme/Mark and Niederer Fläming. These research questions and hypotheses thus represented the framework of the student project’s survey.
+Moreover, the second evident question for the student’s project arose, if there are differences in residents’ perception in comparison to other municipalities in the region Havelland-Fläming, which differ in historical and structural characteristics. For example, the municipality “Lausitz-Spreewald” was and still is strongly influenced by coal mining activities, while the city of [[research:urban_area|Potsdam]] might provide fewer contact points with local wind turbines in sub-urban areas. In both areas, residents, consequently, might tend to be more open towards the local wind energy development in Brandenburg whereas residents living in the rural areas close to the wind turbines might argue to converse, like in Dahme/Mark and Niederer Fläming. These research questions and hypotheses thus represented the framework of the student project’s survey.
@@ Line 63: / Line 23: @@
   * There is a change of perception towards wind energy facilities approximately to the negative in a 10-years period since in this time the wind energy development increased (cf. Amt Dahme/Mark 2016).
   * People living in the former coal mining region of Lausitz-Spreewald might approve wind energy facilities more often than in Havelland-Fläming. However, it turned out that the responding rate of the student’s survey in Lausitz-Spreewald with 21 returned questionnaires was rather low; therefore the received replies could only represent a general indicator of the resident’s perception in a region characterised by former coal mining activities in comparison to the municipalties Dahme/Mark and Niederer Fläming in the region Havelland-Fläming.
-  * People in urban areas presumably tend to be more open towards wind energy. City dwellers might provide fewer contact points with local wind turbines in sub-urban areas (cf. Khorsand et al. 2015). They may only benefit from the generated “green” electricity, while possible impacts of wind energy, like changes in the aesthetics of the landscape and possible effects on wildlife, might affect more intensely people living close to the turbines, installed in rural areas.
 To further determine the influencing factors of the wind energy planning process on the resident’s attitude towards wind energy, the following secondary working hypotheses were formulated:
-  * The acceptance of wind energy is higher when people perceive that wind turbines do not destroy landscape. The analysis of the literature showed that if wind parks are not planned with “spatial consciousness” (ibid.), the turbines are frequently perceived as intruders to the rural landscape and a symbol for the urban-technological sprawl (Jessup 2010; Cowell 2010; Zilles & Schwarz 2015) and are thus rejected and spur opposition to the wind energy development. The wish to keep the landscape as it is, respectively the disapproval with the installed turbines proved in several empirical studies on the indicators of social acceptance to be a very strong predictor of opposition to wind energy development (Zoellner et al. 2008; Wolsink 2007; Wolsink 2000; Johansson & Laike 2007).
+  * The acceptance of wind energy is higher when people perceive that wind turbines do not destroy landscape. The  [[http://lehre.umweltpruefung.tu-berlin.de/mapj2016/doku.php?id=literature_review|analysis of the literature]] showed that if wind parks are not planned with “spatial consciousness” (ibid.), the turbines are frequently perceived as intruders to the rural landscape and a symbol for the urban-technological sprawl (Jessup 2010; Cowell 2010; Zilles & Schwarz 2015) and are thus rejected and spur opposition to the wind energy development. The wish to keep the landscape as it is, respectively the disapproval with the installed turbines proved in several empirical studies on the indicators of social acceptance to be a very strong predictor of opposition to wind energy development (Zoellner et al. 2008; Wolsink 2007; Wolsink 2000; Johansson & Laike 2007).
-  * With greater distance to the wind farms and higher density of wind turbines, the acceptance of wind energy increases (distance & density factor). The conducted literature review showed that residents frequently wish for the wind development that it should be realized at a larger distance to residential areas (Meyerhoff, Ohl & Hartje 2010). However, there seem to be uncertainties as it has been found several times that there is no significant relation between the distance to the wind parks and the level of acceptance of wind energy development (e.g. Hübner 2013; Hübner & Pohl 2015; Groth & Vogt 2014; Petrova 2016).
+  * With greater distance to the wind farms and higher density of wind turbines, the acceptance of wind energy increases (distance & density factor). The conducted [[http://lehre.umweltpruefung.tu-berlin.de/mapj2016/doku.php?id=literature_review|literature review]] showed that residents frequently wish for the wind development that it should be realized at a larger distance to residential areas (Meyerhoff, Ohl & Hartje 2010). However, there seem to be uncertainties as it has been found several times that there is no significant relation between the distance to the wind parks and the level of acceptance of wind energy development (e.g. Hübner 2013; Hübner & Pohl 2015; Groth & Vogt 2014; Petrova 2016).
-  * With rising level of information, wind energy has a higher acceptance (information, participation). The background to this hypothesis is that the literature review revealed that the better-informed people were previously about impacts of the wind energy development, the more acceptances they showed for the project (Bush & Hoagland 2016; Jobert, Laborgne & Mimler 2007; Enevoldsen & Sovacool 2016). An effect that proved to be even stronger over time, when people had learned about the positive impacts of wind energy and were able to dismiss previously assumed but unfounded concerns (Firestone et al. 2012; Petrova 2016).
+  * With rising level of information, wind energy has a higher acceptance (information, participation). The background to this hypothesis is that the [[http://lehre.umweltpruefung.tu-berlin.de/mapj2016/doku.php?id=literature_review|literature review]] revealed that the better-informed people were previously about impacts of the wind energy development, the more acceptances they showed for the project (Bush & Hoagland 2016; Jobert, Laborgne & Mimler 2007; Enevoldsen & Sovacool 2016). An effect that proved to be even stronger over time, when people had learned about the positive impacts of wind energy and were able to dismiss previously assumed but unfounded concerns (Firestone et al. 2012; Petrova 2016).
-  * The acceptance of wind energy increases with direct benefit from the renewable energy (economic factor). It can generally be observed that the anticipated effect on local economy has the highest single effect on attitudes (Schweizer-Ries 2008), to the extent that it even improves the perception of landscape change (Bidwell 2013), according to the conducted literature review.
+  * The acceptance of wind energy increases with direct benefit from the renewable energy (economic factor). It can generally be observed that the anticipated effect on local economy has the highest single effect on attitudes (Schweizer-Ries 2008), to the extent that it even improves the perception of landscape change (Bidwell 2013), according to the conducted [[http://lehre.umweltpruefung.tu-berlin.de/mapj2016/doku.php?id=literature_review|literature review]].
 ==== Regional and wind energy characteristics of “Havelland-Fläming” ====
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 The region Havelland-Fläming is located in Brandenburg, comprises around 6,800 km² and consists of the counties “Havelland”, “Potsdam-Mittelmark” and “Teltow-Fläming” as well as the independent towns (ger., “kreisfreien Städte”) “Potsdam” and “Brandenburg an der Havel” (RP H-F 2016a). It is notable, that Havelland-Fläming is the most populous region in Brandenburg, but is characterized by a declining population in the rural areas, hence, the municipalities Dahme/Mark as well as Niederer Fläming are effected by the demographic change similarly (RP H-F 2016b). Unfulfilled growth expectations of the 1990s of the last century offered development and construction possibilities that exceed the expected need until 2020 and the demographic development allows expecting a number of inhabitants of just 760,000 till 2020. An ageing population along with the demographic change for this region is expected all the same. Moreover, an increasing change of the preferred living conditions away from the „living in blockhouses“ to the „living in one and two family houses“ is notable (RP H-F 2015).
-Currently, Dahme/Mark covers 162 km² and has a population about 5,253 inhabitants while Niederer Fläming comprises 185 km² with 3,186 inhabitants (Landkreis Teltow-Fläming 2016). In <imgref image2> the location of the municipalities Dahme/Mark and Niederer as well as the density of wind turbines in Brandenburg are shown. The size and structure of the settlements in the region show that these areas can be developed in towns in the future due to its empty sites and open spaces, therefore new designated areas for settlement are not considered as necessary outside of the settlements (RP H-F 2015).
+Currently, Dahme/Mark covers 162 km² and has a population about 5,253 inhabitants while Niederer Fläming comprises 185 km² with 3,186 inhabitants (Landkreis Teltow-Fläming 2016). The size and structure of the settlements in the region show that these areas can be developed in towns in the future due to its empty sites and open spaces, therefore new designated areas for settlement are not considered as necessary outside of the settlements (RP H-F 2015).
+The <imgref image2> shows the location of the selected municipalities as well as the density of wind turbines in Brandenburg. The density map was based on data from the Landwirtschafts- und Umweltinformationssystem des Landes Brandenburg (LUIS-BB) concerning immission control (Landesamt für Umwelt Brandenburg, 2016), whereas the number of wind turbines installed and under construction in each municipality was divided by each municipality's area (km²).
-<imgcaption image2|Map of density of wind turbines in Brandenburg and selected municipalities (figure: R. Camargo)> {{ :research:density_choropleth_plan_copy.jpg |{{ :research:verortung_dm_und_nf.png |}}</imgcaption>
+<imgcaption image2|Map of density of wind turbines in Brandenburg and selected municipalities. Data source: Landwirtschafts- und Umweltinformationssystem des Landes Brandenburg (LUIS-BB) concerning immission control (Landesamt für Umwelt Brandenburg, 2016)> {{ :research:density_choropleth_plan_copy.jpg |{{ :research:verortung_dm_und_nf.png |}}</imgcaption>
-[[https://rafaexx.carto.com/maps|Click here for the interactive map]]
+[[https://rafaexx.carto.com/builder/6e3ceeb5-035f-43dd-853b-45c50f83a161/embed|Click here for the interactive map]]
 //Landscape characteristics//
-The region Havelland-Fläming is located in the North German Plain and is characterized by the vast valley areas of the both the region to crossing glacial valleys (Berliner and Glogau-Baruther glacial valley). It also belongs to the most important cultural landscapes of the central European history: The middle of the electorate and the Kingdom of Prussia developed from a poor border mark. Havelland-Fläming can be distinguished between four landscape units. The present landscape protection encloses up to very vast parts of the region as for example the 136 km2 big landscape protection area “Westhavelland’ (RF H-F 2015).
+The region Havelland-Fläming is located in the North German Plain and is characterized by the vast valley areas of the both the region to crossing glacial valleys (Berliner and Glogau-Baruther glacial valley). It also belongs to the most important cultural landscapes of the central European history: The middle of the electorate and the Kingdom of Prussia developed from a poor border mark. Havelland-Fläming can be distinguished between four landscape units. The present landscape protection encloses up to very vast parts of the region as for example the 136 km2 big landscape protection area “Westhavelland’ (RP H-F 2015).
 The regional plan 2020 therefore formulates the objective to preserve hardly altered landscape elements, which are not fragmented and spoiled, such as valley sceneries and fens. These sensitive areas also include existing landscape protection areas as well as other areas with a size up to 700 km2 that comprise nearly 40 % of the whole region (RP H-F 2015).
@@ Line 97: / Line 56: @@
 Concerning the wind energy development, in the region Havelland-Fläming there are currently 683 wind energy facilities with a capacity of 1,187 MW (RP H-F 2016c). In the municipality Dahme/Mark there are 50 wind facilities located and 10 are planned. In Niederer Fläming 57 wind facilities exist and three more are planned (RPHV 2016) (see <imgref image3>).
-<imgcaption image3|Wind energy facilities installed and under construction in Niederer Fläming and Dahme/Mark (2016)> {{ :research:density_zoom2_plan_copy.jpg |{{ :research:rural_areas:fig._1_hf.png |}}</imgcaption>
+<imgcaption image3|Wind energy facilities installed and under construction in Niederer Fläming and Dahme/Mark. Data source: Landwirtschafts- und Umweltinformationssystem des Landes Brandenburg (LUIS-BB) concerning immission control (Landesamt für Umwelt Brandenburg, 2016)> {{ :research:density_zoom2_plan_copy.jpg |{{ :research:rural_areas:fig._1_hf.png |}}</imgcaption>
-[[https://rafaexx.carto.com/maps|Click here for the interactive map]]
+[[https://rafaexx.carto.com/viz/85dc0ba4-33ed-4af8-bfcf-051e53f2364f/public_map|Click here for the interactive map]]
@@ Line 108: / Line 67: @@
 <imgcaption image4|Relevant designated areas for wind energy faculties („WEG“) in Niederer Fläming (left) and Dahme/Mark (right) (extract of the regional plan 2020) (RP-HF 2015)> {{ :research:rural_areas:fig._2_weg_dm_nf.png?610 |}}</imgcaption>
-//Methodology of the set up to show the wind energy development in the figures//
-FIXME //Whilst Fig. 4 got a reference, Fig. 2, 3 and 5 have not been referenced. Thus, - **very important, explain good visible in the flow of text ** - how have been Fig. 2 and 3 exactly been set up? Which data have been used? Any limitations?//
-→ Rafael
 //Acceptance of wind energy//
-In the year 2005, a survey on the acceptance of wind energy in the Havelland-Fläming region has taken place, being a component of an investigation about the fair exchange of technologies and experiences, a project called „Regional Wind Technology And Knowledge Transfer Strategies“(WindTechKnow). The survey was conceived with reference to the designated areas for wind energy, as they were determined in the regional plan in the year 2005. In the course of this, the locations for the survey were selected at a distance of up to approx. 3000 m of the designated areas for wind energy. The chosen citizens received between May and July 2005 a questionnaire with a total of 24 questions and about 60 % of the distributed questionnaires could be collected again (WindTechKnow 2005).
+In the year 2005, a survey on the acceptance of wind energy in the Havelland-Fläming region has taken place, being a component of an investigation about the fair exchange of technologies and experiences, a project called „Regional Wind Technology And Knowledge Transfer Strategies“ (WindTechKnow). The [[http://lehre.umweltpruefung.tu-berlin.de/mapj2016/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=einstellungen_und_meinungen_zur_windenergie_windtechknow_2005_.pdf|survey]] was conceived with reference to the designated areas for wind energy, as they were determined in the regional plan in the year 2005. In the course of this, the locations for the survey were selected at a distance of up to approx. 3000 m of the designated areas for wind energy. The chosen citizens received between May and July 2005 a questionnaire with a total of 24 questions and about 60 % of the distributed questionnaires could be collected again (WindTechKnow 2005).
-The main results of this survey showed that generally a majority of the interviewees supported the use of renewable energy resources. The highest approval found the use of solar energy. The general attitude towards wind energy was strongly polarised since supportive as well as opponent positions were stated equally. Exemplarily, one point stated was that the residents felt insufficiently and too late informed about local wind energy projects. Moreover, disadvantages of the use of wind energy, like the destruction of the landscape, were stated more often than the possible advantages.
+The main results of this survey showed that generally a majority of the interviewees supported the use of renewable energy resources. The highest approval found the use of solar energy. The general attitude towards wind energy was strongly polarised since supportive as well as opponent positions were stated equally. Exemplarily, one point stated was that the residents felt insufficiently and too late informed about local wind energy projects. Moreover, disadvantages of the use of wind energy, like the destruction of the landscape, were stated more often than the possible advantages. However, the majority of the interviewees did not describe the first reactions to wind projects as negative, but according to the prevailing opinion wind farms should comprise fewer facilities and should be installed in far distances from the settlements. Nevertheless, economic aspects were seen as important to the residents with regard to the question if local wind energy projects were perceived as reasonable (WindTechKnow 2005).
-However, the majority of the interviewees did not describe the first reactions to wind projects as negative, but according to the prevailing opinion wind farms should comprise fewer facilities and should be installed in far distances from the settlements. Nevertheless, economic aspects were seen as important to the residents with regard to the question if local wind energy projects were perceived as reasonable (WindTechKnow 2005).
 These results provided a useful opportunity for this repetition study with the aim to find out whether the attitude of the local residents had changed within the last years, although there was a development of wind energy facilities and whether a habitation effect to the wind turbines can be detected.
 //Citizen initiatives//
 The wind energy development in Havelland-Fläming, fostered by the regional plan 2020, has given rise to citizen initiatives; the hub height of 200 m of the turbines being one point of criticism. According to the PNN (2015) the heights of the new wind turbines were considered to be visible far away from the settlements and the citizen initiative “Waldkleeblatt” pointed out that the fragmentation of the woodlands of Brandenburg as well as the wind turbines threat’s to species conservation would impact the landscape. Other concerns, such as fears for the prestige for the Recura medical centres in Beelitz due to locally installed wind turbines in Havelland-Fläming, were discussed and made loud in the media. Besides, there is massive opposition from the Beelitzer city hall (PNN 2015). For instance, the inhabitants in Dahme also promote headwind, feeling misunderstood in the planning process. The initiative is called „Headwind from Gebersdorf and the surrounding of Dahme – pro nature“ and stands for an energy transition that pays respects to human interests as well as to interests of conservation. One argument is the distances and the location of the installed turbines to the villages as the siting of wind energy in forests and closer than 2 km to the settlements is seen critically (MAZ 2014).
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 =====Uebigau-Wahrenbrück =====
-:-) //This is very informative! But it is very disproportionate compared to the description of the other research area. Please try to enhance the other description, as it is the focus of your analysis.// :!:
 The Municipality Uebigau-Wahrenbrück is a rural municipality with 5,462 inhabitants. It is located in the south-west of Brandenburg. The area of the municipality, which overall has a size of 135 km², is mostly used for agriculture activities (87 km²) and further largely covered by forest (35 km²) (Stadt Uebigau-Wahrenbrück 2013).
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 Today the municipality already has 32 installed wind turbines (see <imgref image5>) and further there is an ongoing approval process for another 14 wind turbines and another 3 are in a construction process. These wind turbines are mostly situated in the two wind parks of the municipality (BKG 2016).
-<imgcaption image5|Wind energy facilities installed and under construction in Uebigau-Wahrenbrück (2016)>{{ :research:density_zoom3_plan_copy.jpg |}}</imgcaption>
+<imgcaption image5|Wind energy facilities installed and under construction in Uebigau-Wahrenbrück. Data source: Landwirtschafts- und Umweltinformationssystem des Landes Brandenburg (LUIS-BB) concerning immission control (Landesamt für Umwelt Brandenburg, 2016)>{{ :research:density_zoom3_plan_copy.jpg |}}</imgcaption>
-[[https://rafaexx.carto.com/maps|Click here for the interactive map]]
+[[https://rafaexx.carto.com/viz/85dc0ba4-33ed-4af8-bfcf-051e53f2364f/public_map|Click here for the interactive map]]
 Despite the current increase of wind turbines, the long-time development of wind energy in the region is still uncertain, however, the climate protection concept of Uebigau-Wahrenbrück (2013) provides several scenarios about the potential future development of wind energy (Stadt Uebigau-Wahrenbrück 2013).
 All these scenarios are based on the year 2010 data and estimate the technical and spatial development potentials for the renewable energy production in the year 2030. The predicted increase ranges from 'no significant increase’ up to nearly a doubling of the wind energy capacity.  The ‘ambitious scenario’ states that an increase up to 226 GWh would be possible (Stadt Uebigau-Wahrenbrück 2013).
 Taking the increase of the wind energy in the last years and the possible future developments  into account it can be said that wind energy is a crucial topic within Uebigau-Wahrenbrück. It is worth noting that in the climate protection concept of the municipality it is stated that the future  development of wind energy in the region is not only depending on the spatial and technical possibilities, but also on public acceptance as this development has to be weighted against other public interests (Stadt Uebigau-Wahrenbrück 2013). This  dependency of wind energy development on social acceptance once more shows the relevance of the debate about social acceptance and further this research.
-===== References ====
+The idea of selecting the municipality Uebigau-Wahrenbrück was an attempt of identifying relevant factors behind possible differences in social acceptance of wind energy between Havelland-Fläming and Lausitz-Spreewald. The comparison was thought meaningful once Uebigau-Wahrenbrück shows interesting characteristics related to energy production.
+The municipality takes part in a development of a Regional Energy Concept. Lausitz-Spreewald is a centre of renewable energy production in particular from wind and solar source, however for two centuries brown coal production was a fundamental activity for the whole region.
-Amt Dahme/Mark, 2016, Bürgerbefragung Windenergie, Retrieved on 06/15/2016 from https://www.dahme.de/news/1/332081/nachrichten/bürgerbefragung-windenergie.html (Accessed on 06/15/2016).
+Furthermore, the administration of the municipality Uebigau-Wahrenbrück is committed to different green initiatives (e.g. conversion of energy production, climate management plan). The municipality participated in a climate protection project, which ended in 2013, supported by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). Moreover, the administration supports wind energy development, for instance, new wind farms have been planned within/or at the borders of the municipality, however, close to settlements.
+===== References ====
-Baxmann, M., 2004, Vom "Pfützenland" zum Energiebezirk : die Geschichte der Industrialisierung in der Lausitz. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden.
-Brandenburgische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2013), ‘Das Lausitzer Braunkohlerevier‘, Retrieved May 27, 2016 from http://www.politische-bildung-brandenburg.de/themen/brandenburg/wirtschaft-und-tourismus/das-lausitzer-braunkohlerevier
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